Chinese
Dynasties
4.3 the Most important Traditional Philosophies of China
Chinese Legalism
•In contrast to Taoism's intuitive anarchy, and Confucianism's benevolence, Chinese Legalism is a Classical Chinese philosophy that emphasizes the need for order above all other human concerns.
•The Chinese Legalists believed that the governance could only become a science if rulers were not deceived by impious, impossible ideals such as traditionand "humanity."
the people needed a strong government and a carefully devised code of law, along with a policing force that would stringently and impartially enforce these rules and punish harshly even the most minor infractions.
•Taoism or Daoism is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (Chinese: 道/Dào; literally: 'the Way', also romanized as Dao).
•The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "dao".
•Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize wu wei (action without intention), "naturalness", si mplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: /compassion,frugality", and humility.•Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical, ethical, and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also Romanized as Dao).
•From 1949 to 1976, China had adopted a centrally planned economy and essentially found its economic systems
•China had achieved a growth rate of about 4-5%, much higher than the world average.
•China was isolated from the outside world and nearly completely self reliant. China had an unfriendly relation with the united states and the former soviet union
After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China started its reforming and opening toward outside world in 1978 and continue doing so until now.
Since then ,China has greatly improved its economy, becoming the second largest economy in the world. Now China is a market economy of Socialism
Disposable Personal Income in China increased to 36396 CNY in 2017 from 33616 CNY in 2016. Disposable Personal Income in China averaged 9394.17 CNY from 1978 until 2017, reaching an all time high of 36396 CNY in 2017 and a record low of 343.40 CNY in 1978.
•Schooling is free from the elementary school to high school.
•High learning educations are not free, but there are scholarships for most students.
•In 2017, 2 613 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) with 37.79 million students, and 806 100 postgraduates (83 900 Ph. D students and 722 200 master degree students).
•China has also become a top destination for international students. China is the most popular country in Asia for international students, and ranks third overall among countries. As of 2018, the country has the world's second highest number of top universities.
•In 2017, the industrial added value of China was 27999.7 billion RMB Yuan.
•Becoming a world manufacture able to make nearly all industrial products, including high-tech products:
•Nuclear submarine; high-speed rail system; airspace rocket; airplane; aircraft carrier; mega-dams; mega-bridges; high-speed computer; satellite; robot; high speed highway.
•Produce sufficient foods for the large population of China;
•A great majority of crop varieties are bred by Chinese scientists and experts .
•Major fertilizers are produced by Chinese factories in China.
•Various well performed irrigation systems are established in China
•Many species are in danger of extinction;
•Many plants exploited as medicinal herbs;
•China has laws and regulations for protecting wild plants;
Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves;
With our very flesh and blood
Let us build our new Great Wall!
The peoples of China are at their most critical time,
Everybody must roar defiance.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Millions of hearts with one mind,
Brave the enemy’s gunfire,
March on!
National Flag
Brave the enemy’s gunfire,
March on! March on! March on, on!
•The large star represents Chinese Communist Party.
•The smaller 4 stars represents Chinese people of China.
•Legislative organ—the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses
•Presidency of the state;
•State executive organs— the State Council and the local people’s governments;
•State leading military organ—the Central Military Commission;
•State judicial organs— the Supreme People’s Court, local people’s courts and special people’s courts; State procuratorial organs—the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, local people’s procuratorates and special people’s procuratorates.
•The new supervisory system will integrate the functions of current supervision authorities, corruption prevention agencies, as well as departments for handling bribery and dereliction of duty cases or the prevention of duty-related crimes under procuratorates at various levels
•Elected for five-year terms by delegates in provincial-level congresses and the armed forces
•Formally has extensive powers: amendment of the constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans, etc.
•Not more than 3000 members and usually 2800members
nLocal governments: local executive organs
n the term of governances : 5 years
• It is also the highest supervising organ over the trial practices of local people's courts and special people's courts at various levels
ü Supervising the governmental organizations;
ü Supervising the government officers
•The president is subordinate to the NPC and directly receives instructions from the NPC .
•The current chairmen is Xi Jinping
①Electing the members of NPC standing committee, President and vice president of the state, the chairperson of the central military commission, chief justice of the supreme People’s Court of Justice, the Chief Procurator of the Supreme procurotorate; and
② Determining the candidates of the members of the State Council and the other members of the Central Military Commission.
The Procedure of electing national leaders is stipulated in the Constitution and Laws of China as follows:
1.the National People’s Congress recommend candidates of national leaders;
2.the National People’s Congress reviews recommended candidates through discussion and consultation;
3.the National People’s Congress determines final candidates of national leaders; and
4. the National People’s Congress elect national leaders from the final candidates by voting
4.3 the Most important Traditional Philosophies of China
Traditionally, China has three most important schools of philosophies, Confucianism, Chinese legalism and Taoism.
•In contrast to Taoism's intuitive anarchy, and Confucianism's benevolence, Chinese Legalism is a Classical Chinese philosophy that emphasizes the need for order above all other human concerns.
•The Chinese Legalists believed that the governance could only become a science if rulers were not deceived by impious, impossible ideals such as traditionand "humanity."
the people needed a strong government and a carefully devised code of law, along with a policing force that would stringently and impartially enforce these rules and punish harshly even the most minor infractions.
Taoism
•The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools; in Taoism, however, it denotes the principle that is the source, pattern and substance of everything that exists. Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way" or "dao".
•Taoist ethics vary depending on the particular school, but in general tend to emphasize wu wei (action without intention), "naturalness", si mplicity, spontaneity, and the Three Treasures: /compassion,frugality", and humility.•Taoism, or Daoism, is a philosophical, ethical, and religious tradition of Chinese origin that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (also Romanized as Dao).
4.4
Economy
•China had achieved a growth rate of about 4-5%, much higher than the world average.
•China was isolated from the outside world and nearly completely self reliant. China had an unfriendly relation with the united states and the former soviet union
After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China started its reforming and opening toward outside world in 1978 and continue doing so until now.
Since then ,China has greatly improved its economy, becoming the second largest economy in the world. Now China is a market economy of Socialism
5.
Education
•High learning educations are not free, but there are scholarships for most students.
•In 2017, 2 613 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) with 37.79 million students, and 806 100 postgraduates (83 900 Ph. D students and 722 200 master degree students).
•China has also become a top destination for international students. China is the most popular country in Asia for international students, and ranks third overall among countries. As of 2018, the country has the world's second highest number of top universities.
6.
Industry
•Since 1949, especially after 1978, China has been very quickly transformed into an fundamentally industrialized country. Its industry contributes very greatly to its economy. with its well-developed industrial chains in production, supply and distribution, China is the manufacturing center of the world.•In 2017, the industrial added value of China was 27999.7 billion RMB Yuan.
•Becoming a world manufacture able to make nearly all industrial products, including high-tech products:
•Nuclear submarine; high-speed rail system; airspace rocket; airplane; aircraft carrier; mega-dams; mega-bridges; high-speed computer; satellite; robot; high speed highway.
7.
Agriculture
•In China, agriculture is the most important industry.•Produce sufficient foods for the large population of China;
ØTotal yield of food or grain crops: 60702.61 tons in 2014;
ØGrain Yield per ha: 5385.10kg/ha in 2014
ØThe productions of major crops such as rice, wheat, corn and potato are mechanized.
•A great majority of crop varieties are bred by Chinese scientists and experts .
•Major fertilizers are produced by Chinese factories in China.
•Various well performed irrigation systems are established in China
.•In 2017, China has a food crop planting area of 112 220 000 hectares of which there were 23 990 000 hectares for wheat, 30 180 000 hectares for rice, 35 450 000 hectares for corn, 3 230 000 hectares for cotton and 1 420 000 hectares for oil crops. The total yield of food crops was 617 910 000 tons and the total yield of cereal crops was 564 550 000 tons. The total yields of rice, wheat, corn and cotton were 208 560 000 tons, 129 770 000 tons and 215 890 000 hectares and 5 490 000 tons, respectively. In 2017, the total yield of pork, beef, mutton and poultry meat was 84 310 000 tons. The total yield of aquatic products was 69 380 000 tons. The timber yield was 76 820 000 cubic meters.
8. Lands
nChina has a large land area ,but Only ¼ of its land is arable
nChina is always suffering Farmland shortage/reduction because of its increasing population and increasing lands uses for property borders, burial grounds, and bigger houses.
nSo the problem of feeding the large population is expected to continue
nFarmland: about 130 million hectares
nThe per-capita farmland: about 0.1 hectare, one third of the world average
nForestland: about 175 million hectares
nGrassland: 400 million hectares
•All the lands are state owned in China.
•Farmers and any land users can only get land use right by contracting or other agreements . Farmers use farmlands not needing paying agricultural tax.
nChina is always suffering Farmland shortage/reduction because of its increasing population and increasing lands uses for property borders, burial grounds, and bigger houses.
nSo the problem of feeding the large population is expected to continue
nFarmland: about 130 million hectares
nThe per-capita farmland: about 0.1 hectare, one third of the world average
nForestland: about 175 million hectares
nGrassland: 400 million hectares
Land ownership
•Farmers and any land users can only get land use right by contracting or other agreements . Farmers use farmlands not needing paying agricultural tax.
Terms
of land use rights
•Farmland :30years
•Grassland :30-50years
•Forestland: 30-70 years
•Residence land: 70years
•Land for industrial purposes: 50 years
•Land for commercial ,tourism and recreations:40 years
•Lands for other purposes: 50 years
•Grassland :30-50years
•Forestland: 30-70 years
•Residence land: 70years
•Land for industrial purposes: 50 years
•Land for commercial ,tourism and recreations:40 years
•Lands for other purposes: 50 years
9. Animals
•Lots of animals in danger of extinction;
•China has laws and regulations for protecting animal species ;
•More than 100 well known native species :Giant panda, Golden monkey , South China tiger, Brown eared pheasant, red crowned crane, crested ibis, white flag dolphin and Chinese alligator
•One of the countries with the most diverse animals in the world;
•Lots of animals in danger of extinction;
•China has laws and regulations for protecting animal species ;
•More than 100 well known native species :Giant panda, Golden monkey , South China tiger, Brown eared pheasant, red crowned crane, crested ibis, white flag dolphin and Chinese alligator
•One of the countries with the most diverse animals in the world;
10.
Plants
•A country with diverse and abundant plant species •Many species are in danger of extinction;
•Many plants exploited as medicinal herbs;
•China has laws and regulations for protecting wild plants;
11. Mineral and energy resources
•153 minerals discovered and measured in China
•The minerals widely distributes but their reserves concentrate;
•North China is rich in coal, iron and petroleum and south china is rich in ferrous metals
• the problems that the industry of mining faces are coyoting , disorderly mining, environment damaging and resource wasting
•Most of them flow from west to east to empty into the Pacific Ocean.
Main rivers include the Yangtze River (Changjiang), Yellow (Huanghe) River, Heilongjiang River, Pearl River (Zhujiang River), Liaohe River, Haihe River, Qiangtang River and Lancang River
•The minerals widely distributes but their reserves concentrate;
•North China is rich in coal, iron and petroleum and south china is rich in ferrous metals
• the problems that the industry of mining faces are coyoting , disorderly mining, environment damaging and resource wasting
MAJOR RIVERS
•China has 50,000 rivers each covering a catchment area of more than 100 square kilometers, and 1,500 of them cover a catchment area exceeding 1,000 square kilometers. •Most of them flow from west to east to empty into the Pacific Ocean.
Main rivers include the Yangtze River (Changjiang), Yellow (Huanghe) River, Heilongjiang River, Pearl River (Zhujiang River), Liaohe River, Haihe River, Qiangtang River and Lancang River
13. National Anthem
"March of the Volunteers"
Arise, ye who refuse to be slaves;
With our very flesh and blood
Let us build our new Great Wall!
The peoples of China are at their most critical time,
Everybody must roar defiance.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Millions of hearts with one mind,
Brave the enemy’s gunfire,
March on!
National Flag
Brave the enemy’s gunfire,
March on! March on! March on, on!
Symbolism
•The red color of the flag symbolizes the revolution. •The large star represents Chinese Communist Party.
•The smaller 4 stars represents Chinese people of China.
15.Constitution
and law system
•China has its constitution ,which has been amended five times after the founding of the People’ Republic of China in and its current version was promulgated not long ago this year.
•The constitution stipulated that in China all Chinese people have the fundamental rights
•The law system of China is composed of the Constitution and its relevant laws, civil and commercial laws, economic laws, executive laws, social laws, criminal laws, and procedural laws.
•The constitution stipulated that in China all Chinese people have the fundamental rights
•The law system of China is composed of the Constitution and its relevant laws, civil and commercial laws, economic laws, executive laws, social laws, criminal laws, and procedural laws.
16.
State
organs and CCP of China
16.1 Organizational Setup of the State
•The state organs of the PRC include: •Legislative organ—the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses
•Presidency of the state;
•State executive organs— the State Council and the local people’s governments;
•State leading military organ—the Central Military Commission;
•State judicial organs— the Supreme People’s Court, local people’s courts and special people’s courts; State procuratorial organs—the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, local people’s procuratorates and special people’s procuratorates.
•The new supervisory system will integrate the functions of current supervision authorities, corruption prevention agencies, as well as departments for handling bribery and dereliction of duty cases or the prevention of duty-related crimes under procuratorates at various levels
16.2 the National People’s Congress (NPC)
– the legislative organ of the state
•National People’s Congress (NPC) – the legislative organ and the highest power organ of China. •Elected for five-year terms by delegates in provincial-level congresses and the armed forces
•Formally has extensive powers: amendment of the constitution, passage and amendment of legislation, approval of economic plans, etc.
•Not more than 3000 members and usually 2800members
the executive organ of the state
nThe State Council : the highest executive organ; nLocal governments: local executive organs
n the term of governances : 5 years
16.4 The Supreme People‘s court — the
trial or
gan of the state
•The Supreme People's Court is the highest trial organ in the country and exercises its right of trial independently. • It is also the highest supervising organ over the trial practices of local people's courts and special people's courts at various levels
16.5
The people's procuratorates
— the judicial organs of the state
•The people's procuratorates are the legal supervision organs of the state. ü Supervising the governmental organizations;
ü Supervising the government officers
16.6
Presidency
•The President of the People's Republic of China is the Head of State, as well as the supreme representative of China both at home and abroad. •The president is subordinate to the NPC and directly receives instructions from the NPC .
16.7
The Central Military Commission
•The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China is the highest state military organ with the responsibility of commanding the entire armed forces in the country. •The current chairmen is Xi Jinping
17 How to elect
national leaders?
•According to the Constitution of China , The National People’s Congress exercises the following rights ①Electing the members of NPC standing committee, President and vice president of the state, the chairperson of the central military commission, chief justice of the supreme People’s Court of Justice, the Chief Procurator of the Supreme procurotorate; and
② Determining the candidates of the members of the State Council and the other members of the Central Military Commission.
How the National People’s Congress
elect national leaders?
The Procedure of electing national leaders is stipulated in the Constitution and Laws of China as follows:
1.the National People’s Congress recommend candidates of national leaders;
2.the National People’s Congress reviews recommended candidates through discussion and consultation;
3.the National People’s Congress determines final candidates of national leaders; and
4. the National People’s Congress elect national leaders from the final candidates by voting
What kind of election does the national
people’ congress adopt?
•In general the National People’s Congress adopt the election of competition.
•The candidates of national leaders are a specific percentage(about 7%) higher than the actual leaders.
•A secret ballot is adopted for electing or determining national leaders.
They are essential parts in the political life of China , playing a vital role.
they supervise and advise Chinese communism party and governments yin many ways.
•56 nationalities;
•Han People:1.226 billion ，91.6%；/ancestors’ worship, worship of many gods, Taoism, Buddha, Confucianism, Christianity
•minority nationalities with a population of more than one million: 18
•Zhuang:16926 381; worship of many gods
•Hui : about 10 586 087 persons/islam
•Manchu:10 387 958, Shamanism
•Uygur: 10 069 346persons/islam;
•Miao:9 426 007/ many religions, such as nature worship, totem worship.
•Yi : 8 714 393/many religions , such water god, mountain god and so on;
•Tujia:8 353 912; worship of may gods
•Tibetan:6 282 187;Tibetan Buddhism
•Mongolian:5 981 840; Shamanism
•Buddhism, Islam, Catholics, Catholicism, Christianism, Taoism
To Be continue...............................................
•The candidates of national leaders are a specific percentage(about 7%) higher than the actual leaders.
•A secret ballot is adopted for electing or determining national leaders.
18. CCP
Membership : more than 80 million
Branches in all the governmental organizations and stated owned enterprises
Exercise the authorities of nomination and recommendation
19. Political system, political parties
and social organizations
•Multi-party cooperation and consultation system
•8 main political parties
•4 main social organizations
•8 main political parties
•4 main social organizations
19. 1 Political system of China
•The Political system of China is the Multi-party cooperation and consultation system, i.e., the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
•Led by Chinese communist party , the conference is composed of the representatives of Chinese communist party and other political parties, non-party personages, mass organizations , ethnic peoples and all the walks of life , Hong Kong and Macau, compatriots of Taiwan, and returned oversea Chinese as well as invited guests
A great majority of the members of the conference are highly experienced political activists, public celebrities, and various experts and scientists
there are eight other political parties in addition to Chinese communism party. •Led by Chinese communist party , the conference is composed of the representatives of Chinese communist party and other political parties, non-party personages, mass organizations , ethnic peoples and all the walks of life , Hong Kong and Macau, compatriots of Taiwan, and returned oversea Chinese as well as invited guests
A great majority of the members of the conference are highly experienced political activists, public celebrities, and various experts and scientists
19.2 other Political Parties
They are essential parts in the political life of China , playing a vital role.
they supervise and advise Chinese communism party and governments yin many ways.
China Association for the Promotion of
Democracy
•Founded in December 1945, this party currently has more than 74,000 members.
China Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang
•Founded in January 1948, the party has more than 60,000 members.
–But be aware that there does not exist any absolute freedom of the press in any countries.
–China has its own understanding of the freedom of the press in accordance with its reality.
–Ordinary citizens now are exposed to news and opinions about public affairs and can openly comment on any issues to a great extent Chinese journalists can expose government wrongdoings
•Founded in January 1948, the party has more than 60,000 members.
China Democratic League
•Founded in October 1941, it now has more than 144,000 members, mostly intellectuals at fairly senior levels.
China Democratic National Construction
Association
Founded in December 1945, this party has more than 78,000 members, most of whom are from the economic field or academic specialists
China Zhi Gong Dang
•Founded in October 1925, this party currently has more than 18,000 members. Most of them
are returned overseas Chinese, relatives of overseas Chinese, and representative individuals and
specialists and scholars with overseas connections
Juan Society
•Founded in December 1944, this party currently has more than 78,000 members. They are
mostly high- and medium-level intellectuals working in science and technology, culture and
education, or public health
Taiwan Democratic Self-government League
Founded in November 1947, this party has more than 1,800 members who are for the most part
people born or with family roots in Taiwan currently residing on the mainland
19.3 Social organizations
There are a large number of social organizations in China, of which the major ones are the All
China Federation of Trade Unions, the All-China Youth Federation, the All-China Women’s
Federation, and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce.
All-China Federation of Trade Unions
•This mass organization is the supreme leading body of all the local trade union organizations
and national industrial union organizations in China.
•Founded in May 1925, it currently has 89.13 million members.
All-China Youth Federation
•Founded in May 1949, this is a federation comprising all the youth organizations in China.
•it currently has 68.71 million members.
All-China Women's Federation
•Founded in April 1949, this mass organization was
founded to get women from all ethnic groups and all
walks of life united to fight for women’s further
emancipation.
All-China Federation of Industry and
Commerce
•Founded in October 1953, this people’s association organized by people in industry and
commerce functions as a non-governmental chamber of commerce for promoting business
people’s domestic and overseas ties.
20. Mass Media
–In general, the freedom of the Press is respected in China. –But be aware that there does not exist any absolute freedom of the press in any countries.
–China has its own understanding of the freedom of the press in accordance with its reality.
–Ordinary citizens now are exposed to news and opinions about public affairs and can openly comment on any issues to a great extent Chinese journalists can expose government wrongdoings
21.
Chinese People
•Chinese people are industrious, easily contented and peaceful.
•They respect the elder, love the younger and believe in harmony.
•On the other hand, they are reserved and modest . However, due to the open policy to the world, quite influenced by the western culture, more and more Chinese people are becoming self-confident , open-minded and ready to accept foreign cultures
22. Gender Equality
•Now there is a common understanding of no sexual difference between a son and a daughter, especially in the cities.
• In the meantime, a small happy nuclear (one child with parents) family is more and more favored.
• family planning has helped Chinese women get rid of the burden of frequent childbearing and the heavy family burden after marriage, thus raising women's status and improving the health of both mothers and children.
23. Nationalities and Religions
•A multi-ethnic state ; • In the meantime, a small happy nuclear (one child with parents) family is more and more favored.
• family planning has helped Chinese women get rid of the burden of frequent childbearing and the heavy family burden after marriage, thus raising women's status and improving the health of both mothers and children.
23. Nationalities and Religions
•56 nationalities;
•Han People:1.226 billion ，91.6%；/ancestors’ worship, worship of many gods, Taoism, Buddha, Confucianism, Christianity
•minority nationalities with a population of more than one million: 18
•Zhuang:16926 381; worship of many gods
•Hui : about 10 586 087 persons/islam
•Manchu:10 387 958, Shamanism
•Uygur: 10 069 346persons/islam;
•Miao:9 426 007/ many religions, such as nature worship, totem worship.
•Yi : 8 714 393/many religions , such water god, mountain god and so on;
•Tujia:8 353 912; worship of may gods
•Tibetan:6 282 187;Tibetan Buddhism
•Mongolian:5 981 840; Shamanism
25.
Religions
•China is a country where the freedom of religious beliefs is well respected and there are multiple religions practiced of which the disciples number more than 100 million, more than 100 thousand places of worship, about 300 thousand clergymen and clergywomen, and more than 3000 religious organizations. •Buddhism, Islam, Catholics, Catholicism, Christianism, Taoism
To Be continue...............................................
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